AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM – EMS SG Delete

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a division of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary functions in the body. It regulates various physiological processes to maintain internal balance and respond to changes in the environment. The ANS operates largely unconsciously, working behind the scenes to control vital functions that are essential for survival.

Structure of the Autonomic Nervous System:

The ANS consists of two main branches:

1. Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS):

• The SNS is often associated with the “fight or flight” response, which prepares the body for stressful situations.
• Its preganglionic neurons originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.
• After leaving the spinal cord, preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons in ganglia located close to the spinal cord.
• Postganglionic fibers then extend to target organs and tissues to initiate the stress response.

1. Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS):

• The PNS is associated with the “rest and digest” response, promoting relaxation and recovery.
• Its preganglionic neurons originate in the cranial nerves and the sacral region of the spinal cord.
• Preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons in ganglia located near or within the target organs.
• This direct innervation allows for precise control over organ function.

Function of the Autonomic Nervous System:

The ANS regulates a wide range of physiological processes, including:

1. Heart Rate and Blood Pressure:

• The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate and blood pressure to prepare the body for physical exertion or stressful situations.
• The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart rate and blood pressure during periods of rest and relaxation.

1. Respiration:

• The SNS increases respiratory rate and bronchodilation to enhance oxygen intake in response to stress or exercise.
• The PNS reduces respiratory rate and promotes bronchoconstriction during rest to conserve energy.

1. Digestion:

• The PNS stimulates digestion by increasing gastrointestinal motility and promoting the secretion of digestive enzymes and bile.
• The SNS inhibits digestion during the fight-or-flight response to direct blood flow to more critical areas.

1. Pupil Dilation and Constriction:

• The SNS dilates the pupils to enhance vision in response to stress or danger.
• The PNS constricts the pupils to optimize near vision and protect the eyes during rest.

1. Urination and Defecation:

• The PNS promotes urination and defecation during relaxation and rest.
• The SNS inhibits these processes during stressful situations.

The autonomic nervous system continuously maintains a delicate balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity to adapt to changing internal and external conditions. This automatic regulation is vital for homeostasis and the overall well-being of the body.